Labs 2006

Lab List 2006-2007 - Part 1



This is taking a lot longer than I expected - Part 2 will follow...

I've divided them by topic according to my sequence for the year. A hodge-podge of labs from various sources, which I've linked to where possible. I hope to some day standardize the formats and customize them, but good lord that takes time and focus. Some labs are not available electronically. I've offered alternatives that are available or explanations of the labs that you can use as a starting point. I found all these labs by 1) creating my own from scratch or adapting existing labs, 2) browsing other science teachers' sites (click on the links in the sidebar), 3) browsing back issues of sciene teacher journals like American Biology Teacher or NSTA's Science Teacher, 4) googling key terms and seeing what comes up, 5) following leads that come in through various listservs.

Nature Of Science/Evolution

1. Black Box - Mental Models Lab

2. Natural Selection Game

3. Variation in Sunflower Seeds Worksheet. Adapted from Monaco Education Service

Organizations & Patterns

4. Chemical Reactions ( No write-up yet. I used my Experimental Design Worksheet and talked them through it. Students manipulate baking soda amount, measure magnitude of the reaction via balloon diameter. I'll try to write up something more substantial later on).

5. Mello Jello. Jello, detergents, enzymes. Controlled experiment on Enzyme Action. I have students fill out Experimental Design Worksheet in addition to answering the concept questions that come with the activity.

6. Making Cheese (Protein Denaturation) Just add sugar - yummy.

7. Egg 0smosis. Try the Exploratorium version of the "Naked Egg."

8. Diffusion Through a Membrane (Part 1) State Lab - No elecronic version available. Description: Red Onion Cells

9. Comparing Plant & Animal Cells (Mike Comet)

Homeostasis

10. Making Connections (Part 1) New York State - (Alternative)

11. Lung Capacity (Mike Comet)

12. Frog Dissection (Optional) - Here's an HTML version. Mine are not in electronic form.

Reproduction

13. Mealworm Life Cycle (Long Term Study, no write-up yet)

14. Zebra Fish Embryos Study (Still looking into this)

15. Flower Dissection. Mine is not available electronically. Try Access Excellence Version.

That's about half of the labs I have on tap. Next up - Genetics, Modern Evolution, Ecology Labs and a few additions to Homeostasis.

Curriculum Resources at NIH

Just found this site from a recommendation on the NSTA listserv. The National Institutes of Health Office of Science Education has an incredible catalog of curriculum resources for health-related human biology - fitness, nutrition, body systems, disease, genetics, etc. I haven't explored the resources in detail yet, but I'll probably be downloading a lot. I have some previous experience with their materials on drugs and the brain, which I found to be a little too advanced for direct use in the classroom, more AP level, so I may jump down and look at their middle school materials for Regents (mostly 9th graders in my school). It's always easier for me to "smarten up" than to "dumb down" if necessary.

(Thanks Elaine, if you stumble across this post!)

Are We Not Pansies?

We Are Pansies.*

10 lovely songs that I only listen to with the headphones lest my too-soft interior be exposed! (OK, I'm not really that paranoid.)

Artist - Title

1. Architecture in Helsinki - City Calm Down

2. Stars - This Charming Man

3. Nick Drake – Northern Sky

4. Cat Power – The Greatest

5. Snow Patrol – Chasing Cars

6. French Kicks – Trial of The Century

7. Cairo Gang - Warning

8. Velvet Underground- Stephanie Says

9. Microphones – I Want Wind To Blow

10. New Pornographers – Streets of Fire

*Pansy: Name origin and significance

The pansy gets its name from the French word pensée meaning "thought". It was so named because the flower resembles a human face and in August it nods forward as if deep in thought. (Wikipedia)

(Updated)

Science & Politics

Several recent items worth noting again are at the intersection of science & politics. First, the Pluto saga that I've already mentioned several times. This story represents politics in the broadest sense of the word, where cultural tradition and public pressure (politics in essence) almost led a scientific body (IAU) to define a planet based not on logical categories but on a historically based desire to keep a paradigm intact. It's not that the terminology is really all that important or that the current definition doesn't have problems (See again Bad Astronomy Blog or any of the Times articles on the issue), but that the definition that included Pluto as a planet was perhaps the worst, most inelegant, of the possible definitions, stitched together to satisfy a constituency's sentimental desires to maintain Pluto as a planet. Chalk one up for science.

Second item. The FDA finally approved over-the-counter sales of Plan B, a hormonal emergency contraceptive that has long been deemed safe for over the counter sale by the professionals at FDA who study these matters but held up by the *bush administration (directly or indirectly - it's all the same to me) for obvious political reasons. As PZ Myers points out in a fabulous summary of the physiology of it all, Plan B is not an "abortion pill" - it works by blocking ovulation or fertilization. In rare cases it may stop a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus, but that's pretty much true of traditional birth control pills as well. Chalk this one up as a political victory. Why? Because the decision was reached not because the politicos at the FDA came to their senses, but because the Democrats in congress applied the necessary political pressure in holding up the nomination of bush's appointee, Andrew C. Von Eschenbach, until after a decision about Plan B was reached. Gotta play hardball with this crowd - will Democrats ever really learn?

Last item. DarkSyde over at DailyKos has a "Science Friday" piece on a somewhat related topic, stem cell research. August is the anniversary of bush's speech (2001) limiting stem cell research to such an extent as to be a virtual ban as regards government funding. DarkSyde discusses the consequences and the politics. Includes a powerful juxtaposition of two pictures, a human embryonic stem cell and young Iraqi girl. Go read the caption (and the rest of the article), if you can't figure out already what the point is. A sad victory for politics. DarkSyde's post draws heavily from Chris Mooney's recent book "The Republican War on Science," which is out in paperback. I'm getting a copy today.

*When bush stops calling the Democratic Party the "Democrat Party" I'll start capitalizing his name.

Slow Going

I've been going in to work for a couple of hours each day this week. First, I can't tell you what a luxury it is to be able to go in before school starts and get a little work done. At my old school this just wasn't allowed - in a school where we all boxed up our possessions in June knowing that we would ALL be assigned to different rooms in September. You can imagine the madness in those two days we had to prepare for the return of the students, with at least half of the first day spent standing around waiting to get keys, sitting in faculty meetings and/or attending some so-called "PD."

Now I get to leisurely re-arrange my room, make sure all my technology is hooked up and working, organize supplies, and take care of those house-keeping chores that there never seems to be time for during the year. All the drawers in my room (all 54 of them!) had loose handles that had to be tightened, two screws per handle. I had to find all the keys (again, all 54 sets) and re-label them in a more user-friendly way. I've had to clear all the textbooks out of my supply cabinet where they were locked all summer, to make way again for my supplies, which were in boxes. I still need to clean some grafitti and gum from the tables, to the extent possible, before school starts. That should be enough boring detail to give you a sense of what's been going on, a part of the tedious and decidedly un-academic aspect of teaching that is underappreciated by the general public - it's not considered "work" in the contractual sense and no one seems to want to actually pay us do do it, but it doesn't get done if I don't do it myself, at least not in a timely mannner. It's also time consuming and sometimes back-aching - those biology textbooks weigh a ton.

I still don't know what to do with all those drawers. I'd like to put materials in there that students need, but I can't figure out a practical way to do it so that the materials are both secure and accessible. The only model I have is my old chem lab, where we bought our own padlocks and had our own individual assigned drawers. That won't work for me. I may end up simply using most of them as my own storage spaces and keeping them locked up throughout the day. I certainly need the space.

...Just Served Us Nuts. Period.

Pluto Is Demoted to ‘Dwarf Planet’


(NY Times)

It's official. The IAU voted on a new set of definitions that separates the 8 major planets from Pluto and the other objects out there that never got around to clearing their orbital "neighborhoods."

I refer you once again to Bad Astronomy Blog for insightful commentary.

(If the title of this post has you scratching your head, read this one.

The Music Drug

A while back I bought an MP3 player and re-entered the world of alternative music that I left behind after moving to NY (1990) & no longer having access to good college radio stations to keep me up to date. Wow, that's 15 years to catch up on. On the inaugural run with my new player I noted the distinct high I felt from the music coursing through my veins combined with the endorphins from the running.

I revisit the topic today in response to this link (via Smooth Pebbles) to an interview with Daniel Levitin, a former record producer turned neuroscientist specializing in, you guessed it, music and the brain. Quote:

Music activates the same parts of the brain and causes the same neurochemical cocktail as a lot of other pleasurable activities like orgasms or eating chocolate -- or if you're a gambler winning a bet or using drugs if you're a drug user. Serotonin and dopamine are both involved.

Furthermore, different types of music can be used for different effects, as we probably already know. There are particular kinds of music I look for when I'm exercising, and even within that subgroup of musical styles, I scan the folders for even more specific songs at the end of my run when I really need a kick to keep it going to the end. Another interesting phenomenon I've noticed is that the range of music I enjoy while biking is much greater than the range I listen to while running.

I first heard about Levitin's work on NPR a few weeks ago. You can listen to him here, along with links to a series of other NPR stories about music & the brain.

Another Blow To Charter Schools

Study of test scores finds charter schools lagging

(NY Times)

I'll be the first to say that test scores do not tell the whole story. I'm sure most parents who send their children to charter schools will continue to do so in spite of theses studies that show academic performance in charter schools is no better or even lags performance in comparable public schools as measured on standardized tests. A lot of intangibles make a school desirable, such as small size, low discipline problems and/or crime, special programs, feelings of community, and a willingness to keep parents informed and involved. As reported a while back, charter schools tend to have a young, energized, idealistic staff that work ungodly hours. Parents and students tend to respond positively to this Herculean effort but it is ultimately unsustainable before the eventual family demands, burnout, and turnover. This alone may account for some of the discrepancy in test scores. Few people have the instinctive talent to walk into a school the first year and be highly effective. Teaching has its own learning curve, regardless of how smart, energetic, or idealistic you are. A high turnover rate means a school on average has a high percentage of new teachers, meaning a high percentage of students are getting less than optimal instruction.

So why should it matter if their scores on standardized assessments are slightly lower? That seems to be the question on the mind of Jeanne Allen, president of the Center for Education Reform:

Why do we need to have the government give us data when the most important data is what we get locally, looking at the school and how it does in meeting the state standards to which they have to be held under No Child Left Behind?

It's because standardized test scores are the only criteria that really matter in terms of NCLB. Individual states have radically different standards. Attendance, crime, graduation rates and any other peripheral items tend to correlate with test scores. It's the test scores that lead schools to be labeled as "failing." It is test scores that merit pay enthusiasts want to use as criteria for differential salaries. And the key point to remember when considering this study is that test scores are used by advocates of charter schools and other privatization schemes to discredit public schools and advance their cause.

Keep in mind that the two obvious groups who have an interest in a particular outcome for studies comparing charter/private schools and regular public schools are the alternative schools themselves, and the Bush administration, including his Department of Education, which funded this study. The irony, then, of this statement is hard to ignore:

This is one of the most contentious issues with regard to the charter school research debate, Mr. Schneider (federal commissioner of statistics) said. He said the department should not put its stamp on research comparing public and charter schools but should leave individual researchers to use the data to compete in the "marketplace of ideas."

Well sure. It's hard to sit back and throw stones at your own study - better to let private groups do the studies, then sit back and blast away at the ones you don't like while citing the ones you do like to support your ideological agenda. How transparently disingenuous can they get? "Marketplace of ideas?" What the heck does that mean?

A legitimate response to undesirable data is to try to explain it, not explain it away. I've speculated above on a possible reason why charter school scores lag (on average high percentage of new teachers due to teacher turnover), but I don't have the tools, resources, or time to actually test that hypothesis. I would think charter school advocates would in fact want to find out. I suspect they know what many of us have been saying for a long time, that test scores are neither the only nor necessarily the most important criterion in determining how well a school (or teacher for that matter) is performing. But they aren't willing just yet to give up on standardized tests as a weapon against public schools.

Not So Fast There Pluto!

It looks like Neil deGrasse Tyson and the American Museum of Natural History may yet be vindicated. The New York Times is reporting that a firestorm over the proposed changes last week at the International Astronomical Union's meeting in Prague has led to reconsidering the definition of a "planet." The latest proposal would require that a planet "must also be massive enough to clear other objects out of its orbital zone," which rules out Pluto (and Ceres and Xena & Charon and any other other potential additions from the previous definition). I should probably hold my tongue (er, keyboard) until an official announcement is made, but I've aelready stuck my neck out there and reported on the first news, so it can't hurt to respond now to the current state of affairs, even if they change again - I will follow up on the final announcement, which I believe is scheduled for Thursday. I hope Dr. Tyson gets another crack at Colbert after eating the proverbial humble pie last week:

Hat Tip: Bad Astronomy Blog for the YouTube link.

Back In The City

Short trip to the shore. I have to start planning my vacations in July. Once August rolls around all I can think of is getting ready for the new school year. Vacation should be a relaxing week or two to unwind from the previous school year, then back to work. Maybe in a few years when my program is in better shape I can think differently, but for now I need to think of August as the unofficial back to work month. I also need some time to leave the computer at home and disengage from the obsessive busy-ness of my routine - which is not necessarily productive activity, but just a constant need to be "doing" something.

SO here's a single picture of the kids at the beach. Deceptively strong waves, small and breaking very close to shore. I had difficulty wading out past the breakers to the calmer waters, and it was only about 10-15 feet from shore. There is a steep incline where water meets shore that probably explains the violence of those little waves. Kids got knocked around pretty badly and swallowed lots of saltwater. I won't even talk about my own little accident.

Final Days

I hate to utter those words, but here we are, 19 days away from the first day back with the kiddies. I'm off to the shore for the weekend, maybe a little longer. I will be taking work with me, since I've spent so much time procrastinating this summer and vegging out in July. I should probably call it "recuperating," from a stressful (if extremely satisfying on many levels) school year. Funny thing is, I was not particularly anxious for the school year to end, but after it ended, I immediately began having anxiety over the new year beginning. A strange phenmomenon, I think.

I have got some things done this summer, if far less than my over-abmitious plans at the beginning. I'll be posting a few things in the next week or so - my lab list is practically finished and I have a folder full of more than I can possibly implement for next year, meaning I will have to prioritize. I have balance issues in that I have a lot of labs on cellular pocesses and deficiencies in a couple of other areas, but not majorly so. Still, I will not be scrambling for labs as I did last year. I am still working on the links before I post.

I've also made decisions on sequencing, which I posted here and I will begin revising my course packet. I have collected a lot of newspaper and magazine articles on various topics, which I will compile into a booklet. I won't be able to post those for copyright reasons. I do recommend purchasing a pdf maker. I use Adobe. It allows me to make pdf versions of articles I find before they disappear. Yeah, you could just print them, but I'm not a good paper organizer, and prefer electronic copies. That also allows me to post the material on my school's website and make available to students only, avoiding the copyright problem.

Finally, I need to get my student website updated, then back to school to organize everything and re-arrange and decorate the classroom. A few other odds & ends not worth listing at the moment, but I will bring them in as I get around to them. So off I go. Pictures from the coast are sure to follow.

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dragonfire.exe

My Very inElegant Mother, Carol,...

OK. So now we will have 12 or more planets, and one of them insinuated itself WITHIN the existing 8/9. Ceres, the largest asteroid in the the asteroid belt between Mars & Jupiter is now a planet.

I won't spend a lot of time here discussing it, the NY Times and Bad Astronomy Blog for starters have weighed in on the good, the bad, and the who cares arguments.

Another Vote for Coffee

It's nice to find that something you are addicted to is actually healthy. Not just neutral, as in "not harmful," but actually providing a positive boost to your health.

That's the latest in a string of reports on the subject backing up the argument for coffee from a review of the research at the Journal of American Medicine as reported in the NY Times:

Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits

Coffee is not usually thought of as health food, but a number of recent studies suggest that it can be a highly beneficial drink. Researchers have found strong evidence that coffee reduces the risk of several serious ailments, including diabetes, heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver.

This is good news for me. I tried several times to break the habit, making the assumption that because it contains a drug, it's addictive, it stains the teeth, it costs a lot of money (I'm a diehard Starbucks loyalist), it causes occasional heart palpitations, so it must be bad for me. But I've been drinking it for so long I don't think it's possible to quit.

Last time I tried the headaches lasted for weeks. I started the cold turkey during the summer and it lasted most of those two months, and I never felt "normal" in all that time. My exercise routine went out the window - I had incredible fatigue and irritability among other things. Turns out I really tortured myself for nothing.

I may be an extreme case. I remember drinking coffee for breakfast at a pretty early age, in fact I don't remember ever not drinking coffee, so I started young enough that I have no memory of that first cup or taste. In addition, I grew up in North Carolina and Mountain Dew (loaded with caffeine) was my beverage of choice when it wasn't sweet southern iced tea by the pitcher. My brain is probably physically incapable of recovering. Here's a quick summary of caffeine's effect on the functioning of the brain.

Adenosine is a neuromodulator. When it binds with adenosine receptors on pre-synaptic neurons, it inhibits neuron activity by inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. The effect is generally to shut down neural activity giving the neurons a "break." This down time is believed to be an important part of normal brain functioning. So caffeine comes along and binds antagonistically to adenosine receptors (it binds to the receptor without triggering the normal action of the native substance). The presynaptic neurons therefore continue releasing excitatory neurotransmitter and the neurons remain in an active state. The stimulant effect of caffeine lies in its ability to inhibit inhibition. The neurons respond by adding more adenosine receptors (tolerance increases), which means that when the caffeine is removed from the system, an increase level of inhibition of neural activity will occur due to the increase in adenosine receptors - that's the fatigue and other symptoms of withdrawal that lead to craving another cup. Caffeine addiction lies almost entirely in the drive to overcome the negative effects of withdrawal. There are many other effects of caffeine on the functions of the brain (many of them secondary effects of binding to adenosine receptors) and other parts of the body.

There are a few caveats in the studies. There is some evidence that in certain circumstances coffee can decrease blood flow to the heart (during exercise at high altitudes) and in some individuals increase blood pressure. Still, the conclusion:

"I wouldn't advise people to increase their consumption of coffee in order to lower their risk of disease," Dr. van Dam said, "but the evidence is that for most people without specific conditions, coffee is not detrimental to health. If people enjoy drinking it, it's comforting to know that they don't have to be afraid of negative health effects."

References:

Caffeine & Its Physiological Effects

My Money-Grubbing Son

(Actual coins found on the street or in pay phones in one afternoon)
One is obsessed with frogs, the other with money. Whenever we go out his eyes are peeled for coins lying on the street. Pay phone coin returns are his slot machines (except it doesn't cost anything to play). Today he hit the jackpot as about $3.00 worth of quarters came spewing from a phone. Yesterday he hauled in about $0.75 in pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters, mostly off the street - only one lucky phone quarter. (I didn't tell him about the dollar bill I found under a park bench earlier or he would have nagged me out of it!) And you should see the tortured soul when we go to the toy store - he doesn't want to spend his money but he wants toys. He usually leaves empty-handed. If only I had such self-control.

Ick!

I always assumed it was just barnyard, redneck-bashing humor:

Confronting Sexual Abuse of Animals

(New Scientist)

On the other hand, the article mentions only one anecdote of an obviously deranged man and little else in the way of evidence. Maybe there's more in the original report, but it's not available on the web.

Medical Images

Via Smooth Pebbles via Daily Kos

Biomedical Image Awards

Human Embryonic Stem Cell, Annie Cavanagh & Dave McCarthy

Check their links page for past years' winners and links to other image collections.

Sequence 2006

On to more practical affairs. I’ve outlined my basic sequence for the year below. I begin again with an introduction to the nature of science and evolution that will be revisited and reinforced throughout the year. I can see arguments for doing it differently, but I felt frustrated last year by holding the topic of evolution until late in the year as the NY City Scope & Sequence has it. I have a follow up unit later in the year to go into more details after the genetics unit. Depending on how well I handle it, I may be able to fold it in with the genetics unit rather than treating it separately, but I want to block out that time just in case. Likewise, much of the fossil record and maybe even human evolution could be part of the ecology unit if I can figure it all out. It’s not a huge chunk of time anyway.

This year I’ll be relying primarily on the AMSCO review book by Rick Hallman as the “anchor” text. It’s not overwhelming on content, it’s organized around major themes that align reasonably well with the core, and it’s well written as textbooks go. Lastly, some of my students need to carry a textbook back and forth because of their schedules. The Amsco is not so heavy or big that they can’t keep it in their backpacks.

So here goes. Comments or suggestions welcome. None of this is carved in stone.

Introduction


- Nature of Science

- Inquiry-Methods

- Biology – What is Life?

Evolution by Natural Selection


- Origin of Life

- Morphology

- Darwin

- Evolution by Natural Selection

Organizations & Patterns


- Cell Structure

- Chemistry

- Cellular Processes

-----respiration

-----photosynthesis

-----diffusion & osmosis

-----mitosis

Homeostasis


-Organismic:

-----respiration

-----nutrition

-----circulation

- Regulation

- Immune response

- Break -

Reproduction & Development


- Meiosis

- Reproductive Systems

- Fertilization

- Development

Genetics & Biotechnology


- Mendel

- DNA Structure & Replication

- Protein Synthesis

- Mutations

- Genetic Disorders

- Biotechnology

Modern Evolution Theory


- Modern Synthesis

- Molecular Evidence

- Fossil Record

- Human Evolution

(Much of this may be “folded in” at appropriate points in other units.)

The Environment


- Ecosystems

- Human Impact

Review

Just Getting Around to Today's Paper

I'm actually a little bit pleasantly surprised with the Times editorial today unequivocally lambasting the republicans and Joe Lieberman for nakedly exploiting the news on terror to score political points.

The London Plot

It comes like a punch to the gut, at times like these, when our leaders blatantly use the nation's trauma for political gain. We never get used to this. It never feels like business as usual.

Way to go Times. Keep it up.

Ed Koch (former "democratic" NY City Mayor for you non New-Yorkers) was despicable on CNN today, stating explicitly that democratic leaders who support the candidate of choice among voters in Connecticut (Ned Lamont) are "turncoats?" What drug is this guy on? The party should brush aside the results of an election? No wonder we can't spread democracy abroad, we don't understand it at home. There's another one who's in bed with republicans. Remember this guy at the convention denouncing Kerry and supporting Bush? I guess he'll never forgive New Yorkers for voting him out of office.

Not So Random 10

I’m browsing my library and selecting the 1st 10 new songs that strike my fancy. By new I mean songs I haven’t really listened to before.

1. Manitoba – Kid You’ll Move Mountains
2. My Bloody Valentine – I Only Said
3. The National – Karen
4. Rainer Maria – CT Catholic
5. Shearwater – Seventy-Four, Seventy-Five
6. Cat Power – Living Proof
7. Mogwai – Folk Death 95
8. Bloc Party – Compliments
9. British Sea Power – Childhood Memories
10. Film School – Sick of Shame

Now We Know

In case you were wondering:

Independent Democrat = Republican Pawn

In the immediate aftermath of the announcement of the arrests of suspects allegedly planning a major airline hijacking in the coming weeks, Joe Lieberman, "Independent Democrat" issued this statement (NY Times):

If we just pick up like Ned Lamont wants us to do, get out by a date certain, it will be taken as a tremendous victory by the same people who wanted to blow up these planes in this plot hatched in England...It will strengthen them, and they will strike again.

A coordinated assault yesterday by the republican party - against the democrats. And there's Joe leading the charge. The administration had prior knowledge that the British were about to make a major arrest, and the republicans are nothing if not ruthless on the attack and unflinching in the exploitation of terrorism for their political gain.It explains the unusual Tony Snow press conference to comment on the primary in Connecticut on Wednesday morning. It explains several republicans giving press conferences or issuing statements in recent days that dovetail perfectly with the news. And they have no fear that the public will catch on to them. Why should they? It's worked in the past.

Fundamental Laws of Biology

We generally think of laws in terms of physics (Newton's laws, e.g.) or chemistry (gas laws, e.g.) but we have our laws in biology too, sometimes expressed mathematically but often not. On a biology teacher's listserv, I followed a recommendation to watch a video of E.O. Wilson and James Watson interviewed by Charlie Rose (December, 2005). The occasion was that both had recently published anthologies on the life and work of Charles Darwin. Worth a watch, and raises many of the interesting social/philosophical question that I tend to be drawn to, sometimes overly so.

I particularly liked Wilson's enunciation of two fundamental concepts in modern biology, and in light of the recent discussion of terminology, I was delighted that he applied the term "laws" to these statements:

Two Fundamental Laws of Modern Biology

1. All living processes are ultimately obedient to the laws of physics and chemistry.

2. All living systems and processes evolved by natural selection.

The work of Watson & Crick in discovering the secrets of DNA was seminal (DNA, seminal - get it? Oh never mind!) in providing proof of the first law and of course Charles Darwin gave us the second one.

So how exactly are they laws? Well, they postulate a general description of how certain things "behave under stated circumstances." Living things obey the laws of physics - there is no special "life force" distinct from other laws of physics that apply to non-living systems. Anything that appears to be beyond the laws of physics, the "miracle of life" for example, only appears miraculous because the physical processes happen at the microscopic level or inside a black box, so to speak (the womb), or because we haven’t yet worked out all the specific pathways. The statement is beyond a mere fact because it is generalized to ALL situations involving any living process at any time.

But aren't laws supposed to be proven to be true, kind of like facts in that sense? And if so, how do we know that all biological processes can be explained by physical laws when there are still biological processes that we can't fully explain, like how the mind works, or consciousness? Well, actually no. Laws are not "proven" in the sense that they have been tested in every possible circumstance in every possible location at every point in time - that would be impossible. Instead, laws (and hypotheses and theories, for that matter) are arrived at in science inductively: We make observations about how the things behave and if a pattern emerges we generate rules, or "laws." Further observation can strengthen our confidence in the law or force the law to be revised or discarded.

In that way the process of arriving at laws is not unlike the process of arriving at theories, but theories are generally broader and more explanatory than descriptive, although sometimes the distinction is rather blurry. Another reason not to get too hung up on terminology. Still, the first statement stands as a "law" and no known exceptions to the law exist and every new discovery of how a particular process works has supported the law. Any argument against the law must therefore show positively some process that disobeys the laws of physics - it isn't enough to simply point to processes that haven't yet been explained and say, "Aha! Your law is invalid because you can't explain human consciousness!"

I think that last point is particularly important when we start talking about the second law. Opponents of evolution are fond of saying things like "well, no one was around to see the beginning of life or the appearance of disnosaurs/mammals/humans/whatever, so you can't know that these things evolved." Well, no one was around to see the formation of the planets in our solar system but invoking the laws of gravity to explain it is noncontroversial. We do know for a fact that evolution happens now. We see it in the field, we observe it in the laboratories, our entire agricultural way of life is built around it. We know for a fact that species change over time. We know for a fact that the flora and fauna of earth today are different from the flora and fauna of past periods of earth's history. We know how evolution happens. I could go on. Every piece of evidence in biology points to common descent.

In the absence of conflicting evidence, it’s fair to generalize that all living things, all living processes, evolved. The law is not invalidated by pointing to specific cases that we do not yet fully understand. Find evidence of an alternative mechanism for generating new species, or find a species that does not use the universal genetic code, or a dog that is genetically closer to a snake than a cat, and you might have a starting point for a case against evolution. Argue that no one was around to see it happen or that it cannot explain “X” (blood clotting, bacterial flagellum, etc.) and you have no place at the table – that’s not an argument, it’s covering your ears and saying “blah blah blah blah.”

Finally, this statement (paraphrased) would probably raise a lot of eyebrows, to say the least, if anyone actually watched Charlie Rose:

Charles Darwin was the most important individual to have lived on Earth. Ever.

Watson said it, Wilson agreed. I'll leave it at that.

Out of Touch

While I'm finally getting over this summer cold that I optimistically hoped would only last a day or two (5 days later...), I can't stop myself from commenting on the Lieberman race in Connecticut. I sat up last night hitting the refresh button every couple of minutes to watch the results come in until about 11:00 when Lieberman "conceded" defeat. When your constituency and your party tell you it's over, it's time to go home. All too tellingly, one of the claims against him in Connecticut is that in his pursuit of national stature, he has largely ignored his constituents back home. So here he is again, ignoring his own people and making good on his threat to run as an independent, despite a clear vote against his continued service as a senator. Quote:

This morning, Mr. Lieberman said on NBC’s “Today” program that no one could persuade him to drop his bid, saying his mind was “made up.”

Apparently "no one" includes the voters of Connecticut. I can only hope that his numbers poll dramatically lower in the coming weeks as the selfishness of this act turns more and more people away from him in disgust.

Nature of Science

I had a devil of a time finding this information today using typical search terms, so I thought I would post it here. I searched for: NAS definition of fact law hypothesis theory: and nothing ever led me directly to what I wanted. I had to go through several layers and follow some links and ultimately I just stumbled on the right page.

I think it's important for science teachers to be consistent in the use of terminology, especially in today's world where a war of rhetoric is being waged against science and where the common everyday conception of terms like law, theory, and hypothesis provides a source of confusion that opponents of science like to exploit.

So here is the National Academy of Sciences' definitions of fact, law, hypothesis, theory:

Glossary of Terms Used in Teaching About the Nature of Science

Fact: In science, an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed.

Law: A descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances.

Hypothesis: A testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations.

Theory: In science, a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.

These definitions often conflict with the definitions presented in H.S. textbooks, but I don't recommend using H.S. textbooks to find authoritative answers to science questions. I also think that it makes sense to distinguish between established theories and proposed theories that are sometimes in conflict with established theories. I think the main point is that theories are explanations of how some aspect of nature works, and not just descriptions of nature. They are also the end of the road in a sense. Theories are the ultimate goal of science, and not a pit stop on the way to some other concept like "laws" or "facts."

A final point. It always bears repeating that evolution is an established theory and that there is no other theory* out there to explain the progression of life on earth over time. No one has even proposed an alternative theory to evolution. Can anyone even imagine a serious alternative to evolution? It is that well established.

*Creationism is not a theory. Creation "science" is not a theory. ID is not a theory.

Summer Colds Suck

I don't even know if this truly qualifies as a cold. My son had it a few days ago, almost exclusively fever (with chills) and some serious body aches - no sneezing, no sore throat, no cough, no sinus problems. I got it a couple days after he got over it. Tossing and turning all night for 2 nights in a row with aches & chills followed by profuse sweating when the acetaminophen finally kicked in.

I can only hope that my infection follows my son's progression - on the third day he woke up bragging that he felt completely better. I've missed three days of exercise, working on next year's plans, the frogs' cage needs cleaning, my kids wanted to go to the zoo, and I'm really pissed - I missed one of the nicest days of summer yesterday with low humidity and lots of sunshine.

New Experiences Heighten Learning

New experiences heighten learning (Science Daily News)

This could have some implications for the classroom. Researchers were a little surprised to find, in one study, that learning (or memory at least) is actually enhanced when new information is packaged with more familiar information. But before you say, “duh,” let me clarify. The addition of new information enhances the memory of old information, which is rather counterintuitive. You might hypothesize that new information would supplant or otherwise "compete" with older information in the brain, but it doesn’t seem to work that way. Instead, the novelty of the new information stimulates the reward centers of the brain, which seems hard-wired to "seek out" new information about the world (excuse the teleology).

A region in the midbrain (substantia nigra/ventral tegmental), which is responsible for regulating our motivation and reward-processing, responds better to novelty than to the familiar. This system also regulates levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, and could aid learning. This link between memory, novelty, motivation and reward could help patients with memory problems.

And here’s the important finding for our test-driven world:

Separate behavioural experiments were also conducted without the use of a scanner to test the subjects’ memory. Their memory of the novel, familiar and very familiar images they had studied was tested after 20 minutes and then a day later. Subjects performed best in these tests when new information was combined with familiar information during learning. After a 20 minute delay, subjects’ memory for slightly familiar information was boosted by 19 per cent if it had been mixed with new facts during learning sessions.

The immediate strategy that comes to mind is finding new examples to illustrate a concept, instead of constantly reviewing the same examples. I know I’ve always thought that by repeating these familiar examples the students would learn better and that too many examples would confuse them. Obviously one study doesn’t prove anything, still it’s something to consider and I plan to give it a try this year.

New Photoshop Toy

The New York Times tipped me off to a technique in photoshop that lets you "cheat" in capturing the dynamic range of a scene in a photograph. The technique is mostly automated in the full professional version of photoshop CS2 and is called HDR, which stands for high dynamic range.

In a nutshell, dynamic range is the difference between the light and dark areas of a scene. The human eye has a pretty impressive dynamic range in that we can be in bright sunlight and make out details in the sky while simultaneously being able to see things in the shadows reasonably well. Camera film has something on the order of, if I remember correctly, only about a 10th the dynamic range of the human eye and slide film fares worse in this department than negative film (what most of us shoot to get prints back from the processor). This should be obvious to anyone who has ever taken a photo of someone against a bright sky, only to find that either the person's face is a silhouette against a nicely exposed sky or the face is nicely exposed against a washed out (white) sky. Film just can't cope with the contrast. Digital cameras have even less dynamic range which is quite obvious if you've ever used film, especially good quality negative film that is lower in contrast than the typical drug-store variety.

So HDR offers a partial solution. It takes three or more of your photographs of the same image, exposed at different levels, and combines them to simulate a higher dynamic range, approximating human vision. One picture "underexposed" (or rather properly exposed for the highlights), one "overexposed" (properly exposed for shadows), and one "properly exposed" (captures midtones). It is, at least in my trial run, a fairly painless (aside from the $650.00 for photoshop!) procedure that gave me the following image with little fuss:

Of course, I read the manual after taking the pictures. I did not expose the images properly. The sky in the upper right (where the sun had just set) is still overexposed and the shadows in the lower left and trees along the Palisades are still underexposed. Still a reasonable image, exposure-wise, compared to the originals. Also pretty realistic looking compared to some of the images in the Times article. Originals:

Overexposed

"Properly" exposed

Underexposed

One of the obvious limitations is that the scene in the three pictures must be virtually identical in content - no movement. A tripod is a virtual necessity. So it's great for still life's and landscapes, but not much use for sports or kids running around playing in the park. If your camera has auto-exposure bracketing it may be helpful but it may not give you enough range by itself - still a nice way to fire off three quick shots in succession without fiddling with knobs or buttons between shots and risking that the camera will be bumped or the scene will change. So get your school to purchase a copy of photoshop (or try one of the less expensive software programs specialized for HDR rendering mentioned in the Times article) and have some fun with it. Check out some of the fun stuff by Kris Kros, also mentioned in the Times article.

Friday Random 10

From my total collection:

Artist - Title

1. Pas/Cal - Marion/Miriam

2. TV On The Radio - Don't Love You

3. Band of Horses - The Funeral

4. Les Savy Fav - Reprobate's Resume

5. Architecture in Helsinki - Kindling

6. The Walkmen - Little House Of Savages

7. Gnarls Barkley - The Boogie Monster

8. I Love You But I've Chosen Darkness - According To Plan

9. Robyn Hitchcock - This Is How It Feels

10. Velvet Underground - Foggy Notion

Chihuly

Went to members night at the Chihuly exhibition at the New York Botanical Garden. The predicted severe thunderstorms never materialized, but a really hot hazy humid summer evening. I was a little disappointed when the advertised "hors d'oeuvres" were no where to be found and I had pretty much planned that to be my dinner. Turned out the garden cafe was open with the regular menu, which doesn't include anything that I'd call hors d'oeuvres. A silly complaint, I know, but if they had simply stated that the cafe would be open, I'd have been OK with that.

Not the most kid-friendly exhibit. My 7-year olds are at the age where this kind of eye candy just isn't that appealing. A little younger or a lot older would work. Then they complained because we had to leave the children's garden (where the frogs are!) when the sky started dropping rain. We were a long way from the conservatory (and our car) without umbrellas, and it looked like the thunderstorms were actually about to begin.

Still, a nice exhibit. We got there too early in a way. We reached our limits at about 7:30, just as it was getting darker outside and the glass was lit up to a quite nice effect, especially the neon sculpture at the rear entrance to the conservatory. Here's an earlier detail shot that doesn't do much to capture the piece, but again, by the time the neon light really impressed we were headed to our car.

For Sebastian

One of my sons is obsessed with frogs. We were upstate today and they were easy to find hiding in the grass. Wonder if it has anything to with the swarms of crickets also found in the grass? Anyway, kinda neat how these guys (Northern Leopard Frogs) blend into the background without actually completely mimicking the background patterns. Who knows, though, maybe the spots are more similar to pebbles in a stream and the actual adaptation is for that environment. Still, it works pretty well in the brown decaying grass/leaves/twigs under the weeds.

Links

Old Regents Exams for Practice (With Answer Keys)

Regents Prep (Oswego City Schools)

SUNY Regents Prep Live (Video Review Sessions)

This post is mainly for people searching the web for resources to prepare for the regents exams. There are also commercial outfits, such as Barrons Regents Prep that charge a fee for their review services, but I don't think they are worth the expense when you have the above referenced free resources. I would recommend a review book in addition, and personally I like the AMSCO version by Rick Hallman. I have found traditional biology textbooks by the national publishers (Holt, Prentice Hall, Glencoe, etc.) to be almost entirely useless for the regents course. Still thinking about how/whether to use them in the coming school year. Some of the diagrams and illustrations are helpful, so I may devise some assignments that involve students in analyzing those diagrams. I'm definitely through with "read the chapter and answer the questions!" (Yeah, shoulda known better...)

SOS* Watch

*Supression of Science

I ranted a few days ago about NASA's Mission statement revision to exclude specific reference to studying planet earth. At the end I posted a link to a related story on censorship at NOAA. Now comes a survey from the Union of Concerned Scientists on discontent at the FDA. I'll quote from the SEED magazine analysis of the report, The FDA Is A Cauldron of Discontent:

The researchers' answers portray a culture of discontent where scientists report not having enough resources to properly evaluate products, having scientific results ignored, being pressured by political appointees to approve drugs and--most criminal, considering the FDA's mission--providing misleading information to the public.

I already know way too many people who are irrationally skeptical of modern medicine, now they are being handed a rational reason.

---Via Bad Astronomy Blog

Along The Hudson.

An algae "pond" formed in a puddle dug by the wheels of a truck that delivers materials to the base of the George Washington Bridge where they are doing who-knows-what in addition to lead paint removal. I would post pictures of the construction site but photography of the bridge is now basically, officially, verboten.Yesterday there were pigeons dunking their heads into the puddle, which would have made an interesting shot if I could have caught them at it. If school were in session I would take a sample to the classroom for a closer look.

I decided to start carrying the camera with me on bike rides and looking for interesting things to shoot. I'll post a photo or two now & then if anything remotely interesting turns up. One of my biggest obstacles in taking decent pictures is overcoming the self-consciousness and the discomfort of imagined or real eyes on me long enough to actually experiment and learn what works and doesn't work. The ears inside my head hear people saying things like, "What the hell's he taking pictures of that for?" "In this light?" "At that angle?" "With that camera?" It's probably my father's voice. Although I don't remember him being particularly mean in that way, he had a certain skepticism toward the value of anything he didn't consider "work." I was rushing a bit today since I didn't get out early enough and had to get back to move the car for those dreaded NYC alternate-side parking regulations.

Friday Random 10

From my mp3 player.

1. Tullycraft - Twee

2. Animal Collective - Grass

3. Green Day - Prosthetic Head

4. The Strokes - Is This It?

5. Deathcab For Cutie - Your Heart Is An Empty Room

6. The Rakes - Retreat

7. Joy Division - Decades

8. Silver Jews - Blue Arrangements

9. Mountain Goats - Idylls Of The King

10. Yo La Tengo - Stockholm Syndrome

No Comment

Male Praying Mantids Prefer Not To Be Victims of Sexual Cannibalism

Consolidation

I've made a modest change to the name of my blog in the interest of consolidating the various projects I've had at one time or another. It's an attempt at re-integration, so to speak, of the various aspects of my life that I had chopped up and placed in different blogs. My original desire was to keep the Regents Living Environment Blog as much a possible strictly professional and I had attempted to maintain a separate blog for more personal items. I never publicized them here and pretty much kept them for myself thinking that one day they would be revealed to my children who would then have a window into understanding why their old man is so looney. The whole idea probably reflects some twisted psychological turmoil I'm trying to suppress. Anyway, out with that idea. I'll henceforth allow myself to post personal stuff and random rants as well as maintaining the professional material related to teaching science as before.

This is hardly a new paradigm. In fact, the original blogger that inspired me to start, Ms. Frizzle, has been doing this all along. Likewise, the incomparable P.Z. Myers doesn't hesitate to throw in pictures of his family in one post and a tutorial on hox genes in the next followed by some comic political relief. I still don't expect to be anywhere near as prolific nor pretend to be anywhere near as interesting as these guys, but I do this as much for my own personal needs as anything else - I'm not looking for recognition or awards here. I do get occasional e-mails from folks who have stumbled upon the blog and who say they enjoy reading it - I do appreciate the feedback and I will continue to try to post useful information for fellow science teachers or the occasional student looking for answers to old regents exams!

Black & White Film Processing, Anyone?

Is anyone still shooting black & white film? I know that when I got my digital camera, I stopped shooting film altogether. I like the convenience and price of shooting digital. For the youngsters out there who never had to deal with film at all, it used to cost me $15.00 or more to get processing, prints, and CD burns of my film. That's 36 pictures for $15.00. It's also hard to beat the instant gratification of digital, instantly checking the shot on the little LCD, and if I really want to know how the picture turned out I can upload immediately to my computer and see in large format how the picture looks. With film you send your pictures to a lab and wait a week or two before you see anything. You could go to a local 1-hour lab and get marginal quality prints and (usually) severely scratched negatives, which often show up on the prints themselves.

There are drawbacks to digital as well. Laziness. My digital camera is a "point & shoot" and that's often what I do - point and shoot. With the luxury of almost unlimited pictures at virtually zero cost (I use rechargeable batteries), I take lots of pictures but I don't concentrate as much on getting good shots, just hoping that some of them turn out OK. Then there are the prints, which used to come automatically with film processing, regardless of the quality of the image. Now that I can pick and choose which pictures are good enough to print, I usually decide that NONE of them are worth printing. As a result, I have a lot of framed pictures around the house of my kids, all taken from birth to about 3 years of age, at which point I got the digital camera and stopped making prints, so no framed pictures of the 4-7 year old range.

Which brings me around to the topic of this post. I've grown a bit tired of the digital camera. One of the interesting aspects of film photography is the different qualities of color, contrast, saturation, etc. offered by different films. That's all gone, for the most part, with digital. Then there's black & white. It is certainly possible to remove the color from a color picture and have a B&W picture. My camera even has a setting for B&W so you can take B&W straight from the camera. I haven't been impressed with the results and the quality of the digital prints is pretty low. So I pulled out the old film camera yesterday and dusted it off went out and shot some B&W film. Today I was looking for the website of the lab where I used to send my B&W film, San Miguel Photo Labs, and it looks like hard times for the industry, to say the least. They've gone from a staff of about 9 to a staff of 2 - the owner and a part-time assistant. Some of their machines are obsolete and they can no longer get parts for repair, so they no longer offer proofs. Then there's the warning signs about B&W papers:

Kodak has stopped making B&W papers. Agfa is gone from the face of the earth. Ilford just announced that it will not be selling its own B&W materials in the USA, but rather, has turned that function over to a third party. It is scary times for all of us in the B&W photo world. So I am here to tell you: THE SHIP IS NOT SINKING. We did, however, take those little canvas covers off of the life boats....

How much longer will they be able to stay in business at all? I can process film myself - it's a wonderfully "magical" process that I learned in high school while working on the yearbook staff. I loved the darkroom and even set one up in my old school a few years ago, developed films there and even made some prints from an enlarger we got for a good price back then. I've got materials here at home for developing just the film, but it's a time consuming process and unless you do it on a regular basis it's hard to keep the chemicals fresh, so I don't really want to go there again until I decide to teach the kids how to do it. Who knows if film itself will even be available at a reasonable cost by then?

Ideology Trumps Reality - Again

This is old news but it turned up in an Edutopia newsletter I received today. I skimmed the story last week about a U.S. Dept. of Education (read Bush Administration) study that showed no significant difference in educational performance between comparable private schools and public schools. No surprise there, really. But somehow I missed (darned skimming) the story behind the story. Wow. It's just hard not to fall into a pit of despair at the sorry state of affairs in this country under Bush & Co. Just follow these two headlines:

July 15, 2006

NY Times

Public Schools Perform Near Private Schools In Study

July 18, 2006

NY Times

Republicans Propose Nation-Wide Voucher Program

The first headline actually understates the issue - in all measures except 8th grade reading public schools performed better than comparable private schools. How the Times translated that into "public schools perform near private schools" is beyond me. So much for the liberal NY Times.

The Edutopia Newsletter links to an editorial in the Palm Beach Post:

Bush-Supressed Study Dispels Voucher Myth

The focus of this editorial is the story behind the story, but I will go back and quote from the original Times article to make the point:

Its release, on a summer Friday, was made without a news conference or comment from Education Secretary Margaret Spellings.

...

A spokesman for the Education Department, Chad Colby, offered no praise for public schools and said he did not expect the findings to influence policy.

And then juxtapose that absence of comment or fanfare from Ms. Spellings with the announcement of the voucher proposal:

With Education Secretary Margaret Spellings joining them in a show of support, Congressional Republicans proposed Tuesday to spend $100 million on vouchers for low-income students in chronically failing public schools around the country to attend private and religious schools.

Another salient point is that the Bush administration sat on this report for almost a year and added commentary to the report in an effort to soften its impact.

As an isolated event, this sequence might not be so earth-shattering in the grand scheme of things. But this administration shows time and again an utter disregard for reality in formulating and carrying out public policy and we've got 2+ more years to put up with it, if we all live that long. (OK. That's a bit over the top. All this talk about Armageddon, I'm starting to develop a complex.)

It Pays To Complain

In the previous post I complained about the lack of support from HP for a computer I own that needed a new hard drive. Getting the hard drive isn't the problem, but installing the operating system was. HP (& many other manufacturers today for unknown reasons) does not ship recovery CDs with their new systems. Instead, the operating system is located on a special section of the hard drive (a "partition") so you can reload the OS from the hard drive if needed. That's all fine and dandy if your problems are software related and you just want to wipe everything out and start over with a clean slate, but when the hard drive fails, you're screwed. In theory you can order recovery CDs from HP (at about $50.00 with shipping & handling - a scam itself since you already paid once for the OS when you bought the system!) but HP has apparently "run out" of recovery CDs for my system and can't be bothered to burn a few more CDs - how hard can that be? Anyway, That's where I am. A big heavy CPU that will have to be thrown in the garbage because HP can't burn a measly CD that would make it work again and I decided not to throw down $100.00 for a new copy of Windows XP.

I sent a letter of complaint to HP after several failed attempts to get a copy of the recovery. The people at their online tech support were very nice and supportive but they didn't apparently get the memo about recovery CDs, so twice I was informed that the CDs were available, twice I submitted all the relevant info about my computer and personal information, and twice I waited for a phone call to finish the order only to be informed (twice!) that the CDs were not available. I won't even mention the time before these two attempts when I called HP sales directly and was told the CDs were not available. OK, I mentioned it.

I had pretty much given up when a phone call from HP (in response to my e-mail) informed me of a third party vendor who could supply me with the recovery CD and that HP would reimburse me for the cost. Now I just have to cross my fingers that it actually works.

Time for Work

At least I'm not alone in my summertime "procrastination." I've spoken to many an other teacher with similar stories. I have this long list of things to do for next school year and here it is near the end of July and what have I got done?

Well, actually one way I procrastinate is by working hard on tasks that I hadn't consciously planned to work on. The workaholic in me just won't let me have a real day off, so I piddle around doing odd jobs that do need to get done but were never on my list of priorities until I needed a diversion from the things that were on it. For example, it's amazing how much household chores and daily maintenance activities can pile up when you're working 10-12 hours a day during the school year. Several closets were nearly inaccessible with junk and winter clothing and boxes. My office was a wreck. Papers piled up and needed organizing, books that have long since lost any possible relevance littered the shelves and need to be gotten rid of. My computer hard drive was equally in need of organization. I had thousands of digital photographs, for example, that needed to be copied onto CDs before they disappear forever from some hard drive failure or something, and most of those photos exist in duplicate forms scattered across several directories and a couple of hard drives - so that beast needed to be tamed. I also spent a couple of days trying to figure out how to get another computer running (for one of my kids) that had a hard drive failure last year, a computer that is no longer supported by HP. These dastardly computer companies no longer ship recovery CDs with new computers and this one's out of warranty, so the only solution is to buy a new hard drive and purchase a new copy of Windows to load, and I can only imagine the problems I will run into and the hours I will be online with tech support after I spend that money for the materials. It's a real scam that I have to pay again for an operating system that I already paid for. I sent an e-mail to the HP CEO expressing my displeasure.

Of course I've also spent some time "vegging out" for lack of a better term. This past year was emotionally draining, especially the end of the year. I really needed a couple of weeks to just clear my head. Most of that time has been spent exploring some new music and adding to my mp3 collection. For the record I listen mostly to indie "fill-in-the-blank" - indie rock, pop, folk, art-rock, whatever. I've posted a few "Friday Random 10" lists if you're curious. I get a lot of information from Pitchfork. I don't always like what they like, but I can frequently tell from the reviews whether I will like a band or not. Sometimes I just put on Yahoo's LAUNCHcast "radio" and hit the next button until I hear something I like. Then I check out other music by the same group. I also mentioned in a previous post that for the first time in my career teaching I have a few students who's musical tastes overlap with mine, so I've got a lot of recommendations from them that I've just now had the time to listen to. Why is commercial radio in New York City so awful, by the way?

My actual goals for the summer are to get ready for the fall in a couple of ways. I"m looking at what was difficult last year and the year before and coming up with some strategies. Some problems that I thought were attributable to the particular school I was in before turn out to have traveled with me. For example, my students' inability to keep up with their lab reports. That turned into a nightmare again when, despite my constant repeated refrain that students MUST keep their lab reports as a "ticket" to the exam, they still came to me in May acting like they were receiving this information for the first time. And in a way they were - They never really processed what I was telling them. It's like the one or two times I've almost run a stoplight while staring right at it because my mind was pre-occupied. So I have to figure out, for my own sanity, how to deal with this requirement.

In a related item, I'm working on having lab binders prepared for students in the beginning of the year. I can't stand the constant runs to the copy machine to get worksheets done on an almost daily basis. The issue will be storage space and student access to them. I don't have the kind of students that I can depend on to carry their binders around, so I'll have to store them. I don't think it will be that much of a problem. I've got a good space for them, then it's simply a matter of establishing routines to ensure a smooth delivery and return.

I will be streamlining labs and breaking up the bigger ones to accommodate the lab schedule in my school. Many of my labs have a tendency to soak up time like a sponge, and that leads to incompletes and lack of closure and "when can I finish it" and so on. I have what I consider to be a bare minimum number of periods per week for the LE curriculum - in fact, it's a real stretch and a rush to get through the material that I want to get through, so I have to minimize inefficiency. I also have an incredibly diverse (academically) group of students in every class. I'm looking into a tiered approach to as a way of differentiating instruction, which I'll address in a separate post after I've worked out the details.

I think I'll end with that, as this is getting a bit long. I'm starting to feel the energy again and need to get to work!

He Started It!

He Who Cast the First Stone Probably Didn’t

NY Times

I think all teachers and parents know about this little quirk of human behavior and psychology. An argument ensues in your classroom and if you take the time to try to mediate the conflict and figure out how to resolve it, you can easily get caught up in an endless regression into who did what first to whom that sometimes goes back several periods, days, even years as student A recounts how student B teased him in first grade.

I've been thinking about this a lot lately as the violence in Lebanon/Israel escalates, and even made a passing reference to it in conversation yesterday when asked about my feelings on the situation. Lo & behold the NY Times has an article citing research on the "he started it" phenomenon and applies it to - you guessed it, the conflict in the Middle East. The term "even-numberedness" refers to the idea that it's OK to strike back (physically or verbally) at someone who has harmed you.

That’s why participants in every one of the globe’s intractable conflicts — from Ireland to the Middle East — offer the even-numberedness of their punches as grounds for exculpation.

The problem with the principle of even-numberedness is that people count differently. Every action has a cause and a consequence: something that led to it and something that followed from it. But research shows that while people think of their own actions as the consequences of what came before, they think of other people’s actions as the causes of what came later.

It gets worse. Another feature of conflict is the magnitute of the response to a perceived "punch." Retribution in kind is generally perceived as "fair," but an excessive response to a perceived wrong ("an eye for an eye-lash" as the Times puts it) is generally not. So researchers set up an experiment to see well we can gauge the fairness of our own actions.

In a study conducted by Sukhwinder Shergill and colleagues at University College London, pairs of volunteers were hooked up to a mechanical device that allowed each of them to exert pressure on the other volunteer’s fingers.

The researcher began the game by exerting a fixed amount of pressure on the first volunteer’s finger. The first volunteer was then asked to exert precisely the same amount of pressure on the second volunteer’s finger. The second volunteer was then asked to exert the same amount of pressure on the first volunteer’s finger. And so on. The two volunteers took turns applying equal amounts of pressure to each other’s fingers while the researchers measured the actual amount of pressure they applied.

You can probably guess the results. The pressure escalated as each mis(under)estimated the force he/she was applying to the other. With each round of retribution the pressure increased even though each participant believed that he/she was giving back in kind.

I think this article might be a good point for discussion in my classes this year.

NASA’s Goals Delete Mention of Home Planet

NASA’s Goals Delete Mention of Home Planet

Wow. Is there any limit to this administration's naked ambition?

OK. I did just see "An Inconvenient Truth" but come on, after the recent uproar over a politically appointed NASA officer trying to censor NASA scientists from speaking publicly about global warming data, they simply delete any reference to our terrestrial home from the mission statement? OMG.

David E. Steitz, a spokesman for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, said the aim was to square the statement with President Bush’s goal of pursuing human spaceflight to the Moon and Mars.

...so that we might establish a new home after we've destroyed this one?

Realated storys:

Censorship Is Alleged at NOAA

Just Added (7-29-06)

The FDA Is A Cauldron of Discontent

A recent survey of FDA scientists:

The researchers' answers portray a culture of discontent where scientists report not having enough resources to properly evaluate products, having scientific results ignored, being pressured by political appointees to approve drugs and--most criminal, considering the FDA's mission--providing misleading information to the public.

You can research the whole study at:

Union of Concerned Scientists

Back To The Blog Again

And to kick things off, this story from the New York Times, which I'll link to, but it won't be available for long before they take it down and charge for it.

Bronx Sixth Graders Master Mysteries of the Biology Regents

I'll quote:

Although the biology Regents is usually taken in ninth grade, teachers at this school felt that their students needed a challenge, so they essentially started teaching ninth-grade biology and added test preparation.

Ten of the 23 students who took the exam (known formally as the Living Environment test) passed with marks between 65 and 80 on a 100-point scale. Of the 51,000 students who took the exam citywide in the 2003-4 school year, 58 percent passed.

Ten out of 23 students passed a 9th grade exam in 6th grade. The article says they completed 20 hours of labs, apparently mostly on Saturday extra sessions. Sounds impressive? Well, actually 20 hours is the bare minimum required to qualify for the exam. What did they do in the other periods? What happens to the 13 who didn't pass the exam? If they couldn't score 65 on a generously scaled (i.e., curved) exam then what exactly did they learn? How much confusion was sown, how many kids came away feeling that science is just too hard for them?

I don't mean to sound so negative, and I'm sorta happy for the kids who passed the exam. I'm sure they feel a good deal of pride. I do wonder about kids feeling pride in achieving a 65 on an exam and thinking that this is an "accomplishment." I graded a fair number of exams and a 65 on the exam, while passing, shows an incredible LACK of understanding of the mysteries of biology. I had a number of students pass with scores in the 65-75 range and I just had to shake my head at how little they knew. What really bothers me is that this approach to teaching is more about the school than the kids. There are so many other ways to make a science program rigorous and at the same time age-appropriate.

Sporadic Turns To Hiatus

My already sporadic posts are about to be even more so as I wind down the school year and get more and more swamped with my masters project. This will be the last post for some time.

My students are working on their carbon autobiographies, with varying degrees of success. Some are really taking off with it, delving into the details of all the processes that happen as a carbon atom cycles through the environment. Others are dragging their feet or doing a strictly mechanical job of complying with the minimal requirements of the assignment with little enthusiasm. I totally understand, on the one hand, and would myself probably be the kind of student who couldn't get into this project much. On the other hand, it REALLY highlights just how fragmented their knowledge is - they really struggle to put the pieces together into a coherent narrative and I think that makes it a valuable exercise. Below I outline some of the problems with this assignment, but the students' problems start way before these issues even come up - for example, they totally gloss over the photosynthesis and respiration parts, which they are expected to know at this point.

Here's a basic description of the project, Carbon Project, which I keep revising as I run into complications. Some of the processes are rather complex and I will make revisions again for next year. For example, cellulose synthesis is not completely understood and the only literature I can find on the web is highly technical and beyond a high school student's comprehension, so I've had to summarize some of it for them. Similarly, the digestion of cellulose in cows is a complex process. I originally used pigs, but that's even more difficult to figure out. I have taken the more complex parts and simplified or summarized for student in class, they just have to weave the science into their stories and find appropriate images to accompany the stories.

Elsewhere, my masters project is about teaching/learning evolution. Here's my basic premise. The conceptual change model, which I think is a useful one, suggests that students come to us with existing conceptions about how the world works. A typical example is the "naive" conception that summers are warmer than winters because the sun is closer to the earth in summer and farther away in winter. If we ignore this naive conception, we will get the student in class to parrot what we say about the tilt of the earth and all that, but in a short time or with a little pushing, we will find that they really still hold on to their original beliefs. Conceptual change models suggest addressing student pre-existing ideas up front, setting up inquiry activities that produce cognitive dissonance (where the naive conception breaks down), then offering an alternative (scientific) schema that explains the phenomenon better. That's it in a nutshell.

So how do we apply this model to the teaching of evolution? Inevitably this approach will lead to bringing religious discussions into the classroom since many students prior conceptions about origins of species (especially human) will come from religious stories. My preliminary research suggests that most teachers are not comfortable approaching evolution in this way, but the consequence may be that we are "covering" evolution in class but our students are coming away with not much understanding to show for it. My plan is to in fact have this discussion with students, offering them a range of options for how do deal with any conflicts between their personal (religious) beliefs and evolution, and investigate how their understanding of evolution is affected by this approach. I actually began thinking about this last year, and I posted a few comments about it here. I've got lots of details to work out so I should stop procrastinating NOW and get on it.

Burnout

Edwize has a post on teacher burnout and KIPP-like charter schools. I've wanted to write a similar post but I'm no expert on the subject, and my opinion would be little more than conjecture based on hearsay about how these schools operate. I could add my general experience with a number of teachers who come into the system from various special programs (I wouldn't want to single one of them out) with unrealistic work ethics and rather large turnover rates.

The basic problem, before I go to far off topic, is that these schools have a high turnover rate for young and energetic but inexperienced teachers. They are driven, both by personal passion for their work and by the culture of their schools to work excessive hours - on a daily, weekly, and yearly basis. This level of work is impossible for most people to sustain given the intangible and often negligible benefits of their efforts - i.e., their personal gain (financial) is not commensurate with the level of effort, and the gains by their students are not much different than their more experienced colleagues working more efficiently. From Edwize:

The school hires energetic and well-meaning, but young and completely novice teachers. It then has to employ ‘teacher proof’ curricula and extend the ‘on time’ into the evening in order to compensate for the lack of teaching skill and experience. Teaching needs to be reinforced by a school culture which leans toward the authoritarian. By the time a teacher would ordinarily have begun to acquire the knowledge and skills that allow her and her students to work smart as well as hard, she has burnt out, and is unable to maintain the intensity of work. It is also impossible to start a family with such a work load.

I'm neither young, nor particularly energetic or bright, and I'm not working at a KIPP school, but I do teach within a school culture with a strong work ethic. And I am a bit overextended as I've mentioned in earlier posts. The pace of work that started the school year has not subsided, the demands of my job still have me working on average about 10-12 hours per day (5 days per week - I'm averaging in weekend hours) and a lot of it is precisely the inefficiency you would expect to find in new teachers - scrounging around for activities and labs, gathering materials for labs, setting up materials, creating quizes and tests that are appropriate for the regents curriculum, helping students make up missing work, etc. I can easily see myself next year chopping an hour or two off the average workday and at the same time being a better teacher.

Blizzard

Second biggest snow storm in NYC history, according to NY1 News.

"The first blizzard of 2006 is only inches away from breaking the record. The city received at least 24 inches of snow, making it the second biggest snow storm in city history."

The good news is that it happened on a weekend with lots of warning, so the city hopes to be up and running by Monday morning. Still, should make for an interesting school day, or week even. I'm scheduled to visit (observe) a fellow living environment teacher at another school on Tuesday. I hope that doesn't get postponed or cancelled- these things don't just happen and my AP has been working on the arrangements for a few weeks now.

As far as teaching goes, we are into the human body systems, working our way toward reproduction and genetics in a couple of weeks. As a review of several concepts, I have the students working on one of those hokey assignments that I usually avoid, but decided to give it a go for this unit. They are writing an "autobiography" of a carbon atom beginning in the atmosphere as part of a CO2 molecule then cycling through plants and animals and back to the atmosphere. Along the way they will have to discuss plant structure & photosynthesis, animal digestion, circulation, cellular respiration, and excretion. Not to mention the implicit review of biochem concepts including chemical bonds and enzymes.

I had this feeling that students simply weren't getting the whole carbon cycle concept - in fact, making sense of a lot of the abstract ideas in biology is a stretch for a lot of my 8th and 9th graders. And honestly, I try to keep it at a level necessary for the regents. I do not feel compelled to turn regents LE into AP Bio. Of course, it's not always easy to read the tea leaves and figure out exactly how much is enough for the regents exam. I'm hoping this will help a little. If I get a chance I'll post a fuller description and a rubric sometime this week.

Dads-to-be pile on the pounds too

I knew there would have to be an evolutionary explanation for all that weight I put on when my wife was pregnant. Of course the study involves monkeys and has not been applied to human fathers-to-be, but now it's my story and I'm sticking with it until proven otherwise!

In studies on two groups of monkeys, marmosets and tamarins, both small, monagomous primates, the father to be gains 10% of his body weight during the mate's pregnancy.

The males' weight gain is probably a result of their producing greater levels of prolactin – the same hormone that encourages milk production in the females. “Our earlier studies showed that prolactin levels increase in males halfway through pregnancy, when the females experience a hike in corticosterone – a hormone involved in sending and receiving pheromones,” she adds.

A couple of caveats regarding the application of these results to humans. First, increased prolactin level alone is not a associated with weight gain in humans. Secondly, prolactin is associated with good fathering practices in some other animal groups but a direct link in humans and other primates has not yet been verified

It would be great to look at hormone levels in good and bad fathers but it’s very hard to get the data on men who abandon their babies...

As for me, I put on about 5% of my weight during the pregnancy and another 10% afterward - something tells me my excuse isn't going to hold up to scrutiny.